Biomedical Engineering / Pulse Oximeter PPG Calibration
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LABORATORY 10 · BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Pulse Oximeter Dual-Wavelength PPG & Ratio-of-Ratios Calibration

Determine the ratio-of-ratios parameter R = (AC660/DC660) / (AC940/DC940) across blood oxygen saturations (SpO2) and calibrate the empirical calibration curve. Explore interactive physiological instrumentation simulation, biomechanics, and biomedical engineering telemetry.

BIOINSTRUMENTATION · BIOSIGNALS · BIOMECHANICS · IMAGING

Your virtual biomedical engineering laboratory.

ARTERIAL OXYGEN SATURATION SPO2—
PHYSIOLOGICAL & TEST CELL TELEMETRY

Ready to sample with Ratio R = 0.8 ratio.

0.8 ratio
Wavelengths: Red 660 nm / Infrared 940 nm LED pair

Adjust Ratio R, then execute biomedical trial.

Biomedical engineering telemetry and physiological states are evaluated rigorously using 64-bit IEEE 754 precision. Residuals reflect ordinary least-squares regression across successive observations. Continuous data structures support high-fidelity biological and physiological modeling.

Biomedical assumptions and boundary condition limits

The linear calibration model applies across the clinical diagnostic range (SpO2 75% to 100%). Evaluated using a clinical finger-clip probe with 660 nm red LED and 940 nm infrared LED paired with a low-noise silicon PIN photodiode. Calibrated across ratio-of-ratios R from 0.40 (SpO2 = 100%) to 1.40 (SpO2 = 75%) in 0.20 increments.

Biomedical apparatus & physiological sensors.

Clinical Finger-Clip Pulse Oximeter Probe

Provides dual-wavelength red (660 nm) and infrared (940 nm) LEDs and silicon PIN photodiode.

Optical Tissue-Blood Perfusion Phantom

Calibrated optical phantom with variable pulsatile blood mimicking fluid and controlled oxygenation.

Dual-Wavelength LED Multiplex Driver

Switches red and infrared LEDs alternately at 500 Hz with dark interval for ambient cancellation.

Precision Co-Oximeter Blood Reference Analyzer

Measures true fractional oxygen saturation (SaO2) via multi-wavelength spectrophotometry.

Photodiode Transimpedance Preamplifier & Demodulator

Separates 660 nm and 940 nm channels and splits each into filtered AC and DC analog signals.

Digital Signal Processor Telemetry Console

Samples PPG signals, extracts pulse peak-to-peak amplitudes, and calculates modulation ratio R.

FOLLOW THE METHOD

A reason behind every step.

Determine the ratio-of-ratios parameter R = (AC660/DC660) / (AC940/DC940) across blood oxygen saturations (SpO2) and calibrate the empirical calibration curve. Standardized parameter settings: 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 ratio.

01

Optical Alignment and Ambient Light Cancellation

Clip the sensor probe onto the optical phantom; verify that the ambient dark-period subtraction circuit eliminates background room light hum.

02

LED Drive Current Standardization

Adjust LED drive currents so that baseline DC voltages on both red and infrared channels settle to equal 2.000 V levels.

03

Full Oxygenation Baseline (R = 0.40)

Oxygenate blood phantom to 100.0% SaO2; record pulsatile AC and DC amplitudes, confirming ratio R = (AC660/DC660)/(AC940/DC940) = 0.400.

04

Controlled Desaturation Step Progression

Deoxygenate the circulating phantom fluid in controlled steps to achieve parameter R values of 0.60, 0.80, 1.00, 1.20, and 1.40.

05

Simultaneous Reference SpO2 Logging

Record gold-standard SaO2 from the bench co-oximeter and log corresponding SpO2 readings over 20 cardiac pulse cycles.

06

Calibration Curve Regression Analysis

Plot SpO2 against modulation ratio R, fitting least-squares linear regression to determine calibration slope k_ox and intercept SpO2,0.

YOUR NOTEBOOK · 0 OBSERVATIONS

Turn measurements into biomedical engineering insight.

See a complete example report ↗

Points are your recorded observations. The solid regression line validates Pulse Oximeter PPG Calibration mathematical scaling.

LINEAR REGRESSION FIT · y = mx + b
SpO2 = -k_ox · R + SpO2,0 = -25.0000 · R + 110.0000
#Ratio-of-Ratios Parameter R (ratio)Arterial Oxygen Saturation SpO2 (%)Ratio-of-ratios parameter R (ratio)Oxygen saturation SpO2 (%)Remove

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Explain what the biomedical metrics mean.

At which wavelength does deoxygenated hemoglobin (RHb) absorb significantly more light than oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2)?

Why is the AC pulsatile component divided by the DC baseline component (AC/DC) in pulse oximetry?

If calibration ratio R is 0.80 and follows SpO2 = -25.0000 · R + 110.0000, what is the oxygen saturation?

What is the primary diagnostic hazard of standard two-wavelength pulse oximeters in carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?